The Rise And Fall Of Jack Johnson Film Studies Essay

Jack Johnson the first Afro-american Heavyweight Champion of the World, whose laterality over his white oppositions spurred ferocious arguments and race public violences in the early twentieth century enters the ring one time once more in January 2005 when PBS airs Inexcusable Black: The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson, a provocative new PBS docudrama by acclaimed film maker Ken Burns. The bipartite movie poses on PBS Monday-Tuesday January 17-18, 2005, 9:00-11:00 p.m. ET ( look into local listings ) . Burns, whose past movies on PBS ( The Civil War, Baseball, JAZZ, etc. ) are among the most-watched docudramas of all time made, shows the farinaceous inside informations of Johnson ‘s life through archival footage, still snap, and the commentary of packaging experts such as Stanley Crouch, Bert Sugar, the late George Plimpton, Jack Newfield, Randy Roberts, Gerald Early and James Earl Jones, who portrayed Johnson in the Broadway drama and movie based on Johnson ‘s life, â€Å" The Great White Hope. † â€Å" Johnson in many ways is an incarnation of the Afro-american battle to be genuinely free in this state economically, socially and politically, † said Burns. â€Å" He perfectly refused to play by the regulations set by the white constitution, or even those of the black community. In that sense, he fought for freedom non merely as a black adult male, but as an person. † Johnson, who was born in 1878 in Galveston, Texas, began packaging as a immature adolescent in the Jim Crow-era South. Boxing was a comparatively new athletics in America, and was banned in many provinces. African americans were permitted to vie for most rubrics, but non for the rubric that whites considered their sole sphere: Heavyweight Champion of the World. African-Americans were considered unworthy to vie for the rubric non for deficiency of endowment, but merely by virtuousness of non being white. Despite this, Johnson was relentless in disputing James J. Jeffries the heavyweight title-holder at the clip, who was considered by many to be the greatest heavyweight in history for a shooting at the rubric. For 14 old ages, Johnson had made a name for himself every bit good as a considerable sum of money with his ability to crush black and white oppositions with flooring easiness. Jeffries, nevertheless, refused to contend a black pugilist and alternatively decided to retire undefeated. Then in 1908, after get the better ofing most other white oppositions, the new title-holder Tommy Burns agreed to contend Johnson in Australia for the unheard of amount of $ 30,000. In the 14th unit of ammunition, after crushing Burns unrelentingly, the battle was stopped and Johnson became the first Afro-american Heavyweight Champion of the World. In Inexcusable Blackness, Johnson biographer Randy Roberts observes, â€Å" The imperativeness reacted [ to Johnson ‘s triumph ] as if Armageddon was here. That this may be the minute when it all starts to fall apart for white society. † His triumph spurred a hunt among Whites for a â€Å" great white hope † who could crush Johnson and win back the rubric. They eventually found him in Johnson ‘s old Nemesis, Jim Jeffries, who decided to return from retirement and give Johnson the battle he had ever wanted. This battle was particularly of import to Johnson, because many Whites had dismissed his claim to the rubric as invalid ; Burns, it was argued, was ne'er the true title-holder because he did n't win the rubric by crushing Jeffries. No 1 had beaten Jeffries, and most idea he was certain to repossess the rubric for Whites. The Johnson-Jeffries battle, dubbed the â€Å" Battle of the Century, † took topographic point on July 4, 1910, in Reno, Nevada. Johnson knocked out Jeffries in the 15th unit of ammunition. Johnson ‘s triumph sparked a moving ridge of countrywide race public violences across in which legion African americans died. Newspaper columns warned Johnson and the black community non to be excessively proud. Congress finally passed an act censoring the interstate conveyance of battle movies for fright that the images of Johnson crushing his white oppositions would arouse farther agitation. Possibly even more distressing for white America than Johnson ‘s laterality over his white oppositions in the pugilism ring were his romantic webs with white adult females. One of his frequent going comrades was Hattie McClay, a white cocotte. They were subsequently joined by Belle Schreiber, besides a white cocotte whom Johnson met in Chicago. â€Å" He would n't allow anybody specify him, † says James Earl Jones in Unforgivable Blackness. â€Å" He was a self-defined adult male. And this issue of his being black was non that relevant to him. But the issue of his being free was really relevant. † Johnson finally married a white adult female, Etta Duryea. Their relationship was troubled ; Johnson drank to a great extent and abused her ; she was a victim of chronic depression. Duryea finally committed self-destruction in 1912. Three months subsequently, Johnson married Lucille Cameron, another white adult female and a former cocotte. In 1910, Congress passed the Mann Act, which outlawed the transit of adult females in interstate or foreign commercialism â€Å" for the intent of harlotry, orgy, or for any other immoral intent. † While the jurisprudence was intended to be used against commercialised frailty, the U.S. authorities used it to do Jack Johnson wage for his success and his life style. In 1913, Johnson was convicted of go againsting the Mann Act. His former lover, Belle Schreiber, testified against him. Even at the clip it was widely thought to be a assumed test, with the prosecuting officer himself stating after the finding of fact, â€Å" This Negro, in the eyes of many, has been persecuted. Possibly as an person he was. But it was his bad luck to be the first illustration of the immorality in allowing the exogamy of Whites and inkinesss. † Johnson fled the state and exhausted several old ages as a runaway in Europe. In 1914 he lost his rubric to Jess Willard in Cuba. In 1920, Johnson returned to the U.S. , surrendered to governments and served his clip in prison. He was ne'er once more given a shooting at the heavyweight rubric, and in 1946, after being angered by a racialist incident at a diner, drove his auto excessively fast around a bend in North Carolina and was killed. â€Å" Johnson ‘s narrative is more than the narrative of a enormous jock, or even one who broke a colour line, † said Ken Burns. â€Å" It is the narrative of a adult male who forced America to face its definition of freedom, and that is an issue with which we continue to fight. † Inexcusable Black: The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson is a production of Florentine Films and WETA Washington, D.C. Corporate support provided by General Motors Corporation. Additional support provided by PBS, Corporation for Public Broadcasting, The Arthur Vining Davis Foundations and Rosalind P. Walter.

The Basics of Stanford Learning Essay Samples

The Basics of Stanford Learning Essay Samples Though the conclusion paragraph comes at the conclusion of your essay it ought not be regarded as an afterthought. You can select any prompt and cover the subject in your paper. Once you own a thesis, think about your principal topic and discover words that relate to it in various ways. A thesis is the principal argument of your essay. Essay Edge is an internet essay editing resource which helps with academic and admissions essays. When you compose the essay, you have to choose a single side to concentrate on. Nobody expects your very first essay to be ideal. Your essays need to be your portfolio and each one needs to highlight a different part of your personality. Stanford Learning Essay Samples Secrets That No One Else Knows About In order to acquire the most out of your gmat exam, review yourself while the training course is happening and avoid yourself from repeating same errors again and again. When you're writing, attempt to prevent employing the exact same words and phrases over and over again. A topic sentence is the initial sentence in a paragraph, and it summarizes the remainder of the paragraph. Find out the way to improve your writing and prevent plagiarism when you paraphrase. The Argument About Stanford Learning Essay Samples Children that are introduced to the second language inside their v ery first year of life are more likely to turn into fluent speakers of the language. Learning how to write in another language can be quite difficult, particularly when you're first getting started. Since you are learning English, you really have a benefit. Needless to say, there are more pragmatic and not as philosophical reasons to commence studying foreign languages. To begin with, you need to make your own research and discover more about the greater educational establishment. You will probably have to head to your university department admin office and complete the appropriate form. If you wish to study at Stanford University, you must do your very best to compose a worthy paper, which will surely grab the eye of the committee. You're experiencing all university has to offer you. Schools particularly support youthful small business people. Research findings1 tell us that students that have a plan are much more inclined to finish their education than those who don't. Studies have demonstrated that students who have earned a college degree are usually more successful than people who don't. Professors from Stanford want to learn who you are and urge to hear your personal voice. What Does Stanford Learning Essay Samples Mean? Second language learners are more likely to grow up with the urge to help different nations and share their worldly view with other folks. The senior level influence happened, unsurprisingly, in English. Learning is going to have positive impact on peoples' lives since it will enable them to survive and prosper. How to Get Started with Stanford Learning Essay Samples? You have many friends, and so you will extend the perspective of communicating. Even if you're a reserved or introverted individual, when abroad, you've got to commun icate with other peopleotherwise, you will not have the capability to relish your travel and sustain yourself. If you wish to write in another language, you should practice in creative ways each and every day. Thus, learning, below the appropriate conditions, are going to have positive impact on an individual's life. You ought not write all of your short prompt essays about the exact same thing even in the event you need to highlight some particular passion or particular personality trait. With his newfound understanding of survival skills, the youthful boy is ready to survive and eventually get rescued. You may employ your youngster's preference for technology to inspire them to write. Learning everything I have to understand about critical inquiry writing has given me a fantastic tool for any future papers I should write. Last, there are a number of great online resources which can aid in improving your writing. At the site of any essay writing service, you'll discover w onderful guidelines and samples of various kinds of papers. So brief term lying is good since it avoids conflicts but bad on account of the lengthy term conflicts it could potentially have.

Definition and Examples of Gas in Chemistry

A gas is defined as a state of matter consisting of particles that have neither a defined volume nor defined shape. It is one of the four fundamental states of matter, along with solids, liquids, and plasma. Under ordinary conditions, the gas state is between the liquid and plasma states. A gas may consist of atoms of one element (e.g., H2, Ar) or of compounds (e.g., HCl, CO2) or mixtures (e.g., air, natural gas). Examples of Gases Whether or not a substance is a gas depends on its temperature and pressure. Examples of gases at standard temperature and pressure include: air (a mixture of gases)chlorine at room temperature and pressureozoneoxygenhydrogenwater vapor or steam List of the Elemental Gases There are 11 elemental gases (12 if you count ozone). Five are homonuclear molecules, while six are monatomic: H2 - hydrogenN2 - nitrogenO2 - oxygen (plus O3 is ozone)F2 - fluorineCl2 - chlorineHe - heliumNe - neonAr - argonKr - kryptonXe - xenonRn - radon Except for hydrogen, which is at the top left side of the periodic table, elemental gases are on the right side of the table. Properties of Gases Particles in a gas are widely separated from each other. At low temperature and ordinary pressure, they resemble an ideal gas in which the interaction between the particles is negligible and collisions between them are completely elastic. At higher pressures, intermolecular bonds between gas particles have a greater effect on the properties. Because of the space between atoms or molecules, most gases are transparent. A few are faintly colored, such as chlorine and fluorine. Gases tend not to react as much as other states of matter to electric and gravitational fields. Compared with liquids and solids, gases have low viscosity and low density. Origin of the Word Gas The word gas was coined by 17th-century Flemish chemist J.B. van Helmont. There are two theories about the origin of the word. One is that it is Helmonts phonetic transcription of the Greek word Chaos, with the g in Dutch pronounced like the ch in chaos. Paracelsuss alchemical use of chaos referred to rarified water. The other theory is that van Helmont took the word from geist or gahst, which means spirit or ghost. Gas vs Plasma A gas may contain electrically charged atoms or molecules called ions. In fact, its common for regions of a gas to contain random, transient charged regions because of van der Waals forces. Ions of like charge repel each other, while ions of opposite charge attract each other. If the fluid consists entirely of charged particles or if the particles are permanently charged, the state of matter is a plasma rather than a gas.

Counter Reformation and Art History - 641 Words

The Reformation was a religious movement that divided the church between the Catholics and Protestants. The Counter-Reformation was a reaction movement that followed this originally crusade, and was lead by the Catholics as a response to the wide spread of Protestantism. The purpose of the Counter-Reformation was to spawn internal reforms. This movement was focused on the renewal of the church in the form of the use of images, focus on the church as the house of God, and the veneration of the Virgin Mary and Saints. The Counter-Reformation was responsible for the start of major change in the Catholic Church and with regard to the role of art; the importance of art was heightened and the movement sought out to restore Catholicism and make is more attractive, thus emerged the Baroque style. As means to start such reform, Pope Paul III, initiated The Council of Trent. The gathering amongst high-ranking churchmen took place from 1545-1563 and was held for two primary purposes. The council was mustered to determine a plan to combat Protestantism and how Catholics would compromise with them and to reform the Catholic Church by clarification of the doctrine and define the central articles of faith. Through The Council of Trent, the strength of the Catholic doctrine increased, and there became a higher stress placed on the importance of the visual arts. The council was successful in developing a doctrine that outlined the difference between Protestantism and Catholicism and createdShow MoreRelatedThe Transformational Century And Historical Sources And Tools Essay1409 Words   |  6 Pagesthe generations, and/or physical items that have survived the ages (Sources and Tools of History, 2016). While many societies did not have written records until the last two century’s , there are many different sources of written history once societies became literate, such as personal diaries/letters and official government records (Sources and Tools of History, 2016). 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In addition, Michelangelo seriously impacted generations of artists to come. The Renaissance was a rebirth that led to new ways of thinking in the sciences, philosophy, and architecture, as well as painting and sculpture (Spence 6). This period of European history, beginning inRead MoreMusic as Propaganda in the German Reformation1059 Words   |  5 PagesMusic as Propaganda in the German Reformation The reformation was a religious and political movement that took place in the year 1517. This movement was spread by the Cristian humanist Martin Luther, when he posted his â€Å"Ninety Five Theses†. The reformation itself is one of those things everybody has heard about but no one quite understands, even nowadays, 500 years after this movement occurred. The main reason for this movement is unknown, however, some causes are being slowly known. First of all

Non violent movement Free Essays

There is a wide-spread conception in the theory of nation-building that violence is an ultimate way to express disagreement and overcome injustice as well as fight a dictatorship. But the last century has proven the fallaciousness of this conception. Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr. We will write a custom essay sample on Non violent movement or any similar topic only for you Order Now , Nelson Mandela and Dalai Lama and many others have shown that nonviolence can be more powerful force in defeating oppressive rulers and laws. Their lives and actions are examples how oppressors or unjust legislation may be defied by the force of word and soul rather than by the force of weapons. Gene Sharp summarizes the effectiveness of nonviolent actions with such words: â€Å"nonviolent action is possible, and is capable of wielding great power even against ruthless rulers and military regimes, because it attacks the most vulnerable characteristic of all hierarchical institutions and governments: dependence on the governed† (p. 18). Nonviolent action is an application of a very simple truth: people do not always do what they are told to do, and sometimes they do that which has been forbidden. When people refuse their cooperation, withhold their help, and persist in their disobedience and defiance, they do this to deny their opponents the basic human assistance and cooperation which any government or hierarchical system requires. If they do this collectively through their established independent social institutions or newly improvised groupings for a sufficient period of time, the power of that government will weaken and potentially dissolve. The world history has witnessed the cases when nonviolent means have been chosen over violence for religious or ethical reasons. In some cases, even when pragmatic political considerations were dominant in the choice of nonviolent struggle, the movement has taken on certain religious or ethical overtones. This was the case in the campaigns of the Indian National Congress for independence from Britain in the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s. Those struggles, often under Gandhi’s leadership, and also the civil rights campaigns in the 1950s and 1960s in the Deep South of the United States, under the leadership of Martin Luther King, Jr., are very important. Mohandas Karamchand  Gandhi, better known as Mahatma Gandhi, is the first name that comes to mind when one speaks of nonviolence in the 20th century. His charisma and his action not only had a profound effect on India’s modern history, but also provided firm basis for all future nonviolent struggles in the world. Gandhi’s political philosophy revolved around three key concepts: satyagraha (non-violence), sawaraj (home rule), and sarvodaya (welfare of all). Whereas satyagraha was essentially a tactic of achieving political ends by non-violent means, sawaraj and sarvodaya sought to encourage ideas of individual and collective improvement and regeneration. Such regeneration, Gandhi insisted, was necessary if India was to rediscover her enduring historical and religious self and throw off British rule. (Andrews, 1949) Perhaps Gandhi’s best-known act of civil disobedience, known as the second satyagraha (‘hold fast to the truth’) was Salt March that was taking place in 1930 from  12 March to 6 April. It expressed increasing frustration by Congress at its own impotence and, specifically, the British refusal to grant Dominion status to India. Gandhi chose the hated salt tax as the object of his campaign. At the time, the Indian government maintained a monopoly over the manufacture of salt, an essential basic commodity which was thus heavily taxed. Those using their own salt, e.g. if they were living close to the sea, were subject to heavy punishment. The 61-year-old Mahatma started the 240-mile-long march from Sabarmati to the coastal town of Dandi together with seventy-eight of his followers. He was joined by thousands along the way, in a march that received vast international and national attention. When the protesters marched on to a government salt depot, he was arrested, as were between 60,000 and 90,000 other Indians in subsequent months, as well as the entire Congress leadership. Gandhi was released and called off the campaign in March 1931 following the Gandhi–Irwin Pact, which allowed Gandhi to participate in the second Round Table Conference, and symbolically permitted the production of salt for domestic consumption. From the 1920s to early 1940s, he led a series of passive resistance campaigns in pursuit of Swaraj, which redefined the character of Indian nationalism. He sought tolerance between Hindus and Muslims and the eradication of caste untouchability. In January 1948 he was assassinated by a Hindu fanatic for his pro-Muslim sympathies. Gandhi’s insistence that means were more important than the ends distinguished him from other great political leaders of the twentieth century. Since his death Gandhi has become the source of inspiration for non-violent political movements such as the Civil Rights Movement in the USA. Desmond Tutu in the article A Force More Powerful a Century of Nonviolent Conflict rightfully points out: â€Å"The leaders who opted for nonviolent weapons often learned from resistance movements of the past. Indian nationalist leader Mohandas Gandhi was inspired by the Russian Revolution of 1905. The Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. and other African American leaders traveled to India to study Gandhi’s tactics.† (Tutu, 2000) Non-cooperation was a major tactic employed by Gandhi when he felt the state had become immoral or unjust. In the King movement, such action was called boycott, the most effective nonviolent tactic employed in the movement to abolish discrimination in public transportation in Montgomery, Alabama. The justification for such action lies in the fact that rejection is as much of an action as acceptance. Thus, King, like Gandhi, while emphasizing the necessity of courage, utilized the boycott to achieve rejection of unjust laws regulating public transportation and public lunch counters. The net effect of the various expressions of the nonviolent protest, especially the boycott, strike, demonstration and jail, was to draw one’s opponent off balance, hoping thereby to change his mind. (Smith, p.58) Nonviolence, therefore, was not a sign of weakness or of a lack of courage. Quite the contrary, King believed that only the strong and courageous person could be nonviolent. He advised persons not to get involved in the civil rights struggle unless they had the strength and the courage to stand before people full of hate and to break the cycle of violence by refusing to retaliate. King just as Gandhi emphasized the need to prepare for action. The Civil Rights Movement initiated by Martin Luther King, Jr. succeeded in mobilizing massive nonviolent direct action. Innovative tactics included economic boycotts, beginning with the yearlong boycott of a bus company in Montgomery, Alabama, begun in December 1955 and led by Martin Luther King, Jr.; sit-in demonstrations; and mass marches, including a massive mobilization of whites and blacks in the August 1963 March on Washington, which culminated in King’s â€Å"I have a dream† speech, and protest marches led by King that met with police violence in Selma, Alabama, in January 1965. The goal of these protests was to overthrow the entire system of racial segregation and to empower African Americans by seizing the franchise. Participants of the Civil Rights Movement were often beaten and brutalized by southern law enforcement officials, and thousands were arrested and jailed for their protest activities. Some leaders and participants were killed. Nevertheless, an endless stream of highly visible confrontations in the streets, which contrasted the brutality and the inhumanity of the white segregationists with the dignity and resolve of black protesters, made the cause of black civil rights the major issue in the United States for over a decade during the 1950s and 1960s. The nation and its leaders were forced to decide publicly whether to grant African Americans their citizenship rights or to side with white segregationists who advocated racial superiority and the undemocratic subjugation of black people. In conclusion it would be relevant to provide a brief revision of the similarity and differences the detection of which was purpose of this analysis. The parallels between Gandhi and Martin Luther King are self-evident. This preliminary look at Gandhi and King’s activity gives us the understanding that nonviolent movement cannot be limited by time frames or specific location. It rather needs a leader with strong character, resilience and ability to persuade people. The two leaders preferred nonviolence at a time when their people were being oppressed. Both struggled against the yoke of white oppression. Like Gandhi, King valued the power of nonviolent political action in keeping with the spirit of Gandhi’s satyagraha. King’s role in organizing the Montgomery bus boycott enabled him to emerge as the creator of a strategy of civil disobedience that earned for the civil-rights movement in the United States unprecedented media coverage, new forms of public recognitio n, and greater access to political power. Though both agreed that nonviolence is successful tactics on condition that every individual is committed to truth and justice, Gandhi tended to lay stress upon the necessity of personal suffering when participating in nonviolent movement, an attitude that to some extent was less aggressive than King’s emphasis on self-sacrifice. Moreover, Gandhi claimed that to achieve the goals through nonviolence one needs patience and non-cooperation and King believed that it is a certain degree of confrontation that is necessary to accomplish change. One more difference between Gandhi and King lies in the paradigm of their activity. While Gandhi was concerned about social injustice suffered by Indian people, King’s concerns bore upon racial discrimination of African Americans in the USA. And probably the most striking difference is the result of their struggle. While Martin Luther King’s ideas after his death were followed through by his followers and found an echo in common American’s heart, Gandhi was criticized that his tactics unnecessarily delayed the departure of the British, precipitated the partition of India, and led to the Hinduization of Congress because of his over-emphasis on religion. Few of Gandhi’s ideas were put into practice by independent India. While both of them deserve respect and admiration, it is possible to recognize that their approaches to the practice of nonviolence later grew strong one as opposition, the other as protest. Gandhi and King help us to believe that peaceful resolution of a conflict will live up to its promise. References: Andrews, C. F. Mahatma Gandhi’s Ideas.   London: Allen Unwin, 1949 McCarthy, R. and Sharp, G., eds., Nonviolent Action: A Research Guide. New York, 1997 Sharp, G. The Role of Power in Nonviolent Struggle. Monograph Series, No. 3. The Albert Einstein Institution, 1990 Smith, Kenneth and Zepp, Ira. Search for the Beloved Community: The Thinking of Martin Luther King. Valley Forge: Judson Press, 1974. Tutu, Desmond. â€Å"A Force More Powerful a Century of Nonviolent Conflict†. Social Education. (64):5, 2000 How to cite Non violent movement, Essay examples

On A New Years Day Essay Example For Students

On A New Years Day Essay Probably this is the loneliest, I can say for the past days Ive had when i started sinking into this infinite abyss, day of my life. It is New Years Day and I am practically without nothing. I feel naked and I have been all the more disrobed. I have no idea when I will ever feel clothed again. I am sitting on top of the world, writing down my thoughts because there is nothing to do. I have no one to talk to, not even the wind which lackadaisically brushes the sides of my pallid skin. No, not the wind, because it is too inanimate for me to relate with. And all I long for now is the luxury of animation to comfort me and clout me with the assurance that I am still here, breathing. I am still alive, that I have survived the great torrents of realities that have pulled me and that I still continue to, nevertheless. That is all I live for now. It is quite boring for it has become my daily rhythm. It brings a painful lashing into my ears which has turned them unhearing and insensitive from the monotony it gives me. I am still here, sitting on myself. Wondering when I will ever listen. When I will ever learn to let go of my pitch dark past and listen to its lonely humming. It is New ears Day. It is supposed to be noisy and raucous with the loud din and blast from the firecrackers these festive people around me are lighting. But to me, there is only silence. I must have gone deaf

Legalization Of Marijuana Essays (611 words) - Herbalism

Legalization Of Marijuana Legalization of Marijuana Legalization of Marijuana has quickly become a controversial issue in America. In the United States, legalization of marijuana for medicinal purposes is spreading to the state level. For example, in November 1996, the people of California and Arizona voted to legalize marijuana for medicinal reasons. As a result of Proposition 215 in California, patients now smoke marijuana provided their physician recommends its usage. A prescription is not required, and marijuana continues to be illegal to prescribe. The Clinton administration responded that it ?would not recognize these decisions, and would prosecute physicians who recommend or provide marijuana to their patients.? Although California and Arizona are the only two states to have already passed laws regulating marijuana usage, twenty-six states and the District of Columbia have laws and resolutions regarding marijuana usage. These laws and resolutions range from establishing therapeutic research programs, to allowing doctors to pres cribe marijuana, to asking the federal government to lift the ban. Despite the states' desires to have marijuana legalized for medicinal purposes, the US National Institutes of Health examined all existing clinical evidence about smoked marijuana and concluded that, ?There is no scientifically sound evidence that smoked marijuana is medically superior to currently available therapies.? Based on the conclusion made by the US National Institutes of Health, marijuana should remain illegal. Although it does have many medicinal benefits - including improving the appetite in chemotherapy and AIDS patients, reducing muscle spasms associated with epilepsy and multiple sclerosis, and alleviating eye pressure in glaucoma patients - there is no proof that marijuana is the most effective treatment. The main active ingredient in marijuana (THC) is already available in its legal form, Marinol; it does in fact have therapeutic applications; therefore, the whole substance of marijuana does not necessarily need to be legalized. In addition, marijuana has many side effects that may harm patients. If marijuana does become legal, multiple legal drawbacks would occur. For example, it is highly likely that doctors may take bribes from healthy patients to prescribe the drug for recreational use. This would make legalization too difficult to regulate because prescriptions may end up in th e wrong hands. In addition, legal marijuana may provide drug dealers with an easy opportunity to escape prosecution for trafficking and dealing drugs. ?Reversed psychology? would not work in this situation, for the legalization of marijuana would inflict more chaos and crime than it would attempt to prevent. Therefore, the best way to address this issue at the time is to conduct more thorough and involved research focused mainly on the important medical uses of marijuana. To this date, marijuana has not undergone any of the clinical trials necessary for the FDA's approval. Accordingly, the National Institutes of Health should conduct this research proving whether marijuana is the most beneficial medicine for the different groups of patients. This research will most likely prove marijuana not to be the most effective treatment; thereby, allowing it to remain illegal. The majority of Republicans would respond well to this idea because they believe marijuana should remain illegal. Democrats, including Massachusetts own Barney Frank, would disagree with this approach, for they believe marijuana should be legalized for medicinal purposes. However, there is a large group of politicians who remain split between the two contradicting sides. Studies should also be conducted through governmental f unding on those people in California and Arizona currently using marijuana for medicinal purposes. These studies should be compared to studies of similar patients not using marijuana to cure the different medical problems. Until further formal research is done into the side effects, and chemical, and biologically processes of marijuana, it should remain illegal to use. Legal Issues Essays